Hilton HHonors Worldwide

Hilton HHonors Worldwide The hospitality industry is one of the most competitive sectors in contemporary global market. To survive, companies operating in this sector have come up with innovative measures of retaining existing clients and attracting new ones. One of the strategies used is the loyalty program. For example, the Hilton group of hotels has come up with such a program to cater for the needs of its guests.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Hilton HHonors Worldwide specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hilton HHonors is one of the well known plans in this industry. The package is very attractive to business travelers. One of the major advantages associated with it is the large number of participating hotels in different parts of the world. To this end, the program has brought on board more than 3,500 partners. In this paper, the author addresses 5 questions in relation to the Hilton HHonors case study. To this end, the author will an alyze the benefits of a loyalty program to the stakeholders. For example, the benefits of the program in relation to the management of customers will be analyzed. The value of the program to Hilton will also be analyzed. In addition, a comparison will be made between Hilton and Starwood brands and their value to a franchisee. Recommendations will be provided on how the company can utilize the revenue generated through the program. Finally, the author will analyze the possible strategies that Hilton can adopt in response to the threat posed by Starwood. Using Loyalty Programs to Effectively Manage Customers Loyalty programs are very important marketing tools, especially in the service industry. They help companies to retain clients. Kotler, Armstrong, Trifts, and Cunningham (2013) are of the opinion that these programs entail understanding customers and how they connect emotionally and rationally with a given brand. The marketing strategy is widely used in Canada today. Loyalty progr ams in the hospitality industry seek to attain the aspects of customer reliability. The competition posed to Hilton brand calls for a more comprehensive marketing strategy. In line with this, the company (and other brands in the industry) can use loyalty initiatives to improve the management of customers in several ways. To start with, managers and brand owners need to identify the relationship between brand equity and allegiance. Income from loyalty programs should facilitate the growth and prosperity of the company in numerous ways. Rewarding employees and increasing the value of shareholders can be used in the formulation and implementation of this marketing strategy.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another way through which loyalty programs can be used to manage customers involves striking a balancing between transactional and relationship marketing. Trans actional marketing incorporates service standardization and customization by brand managers and property operators (Kotler et al., 2013). On its part, standardization of services enhances security of employees with regards to service delivery. It helps in the provision of high quality and uniform services to the customers.  Relationship marketing features the development of beneficial as well as mutual interactions with the customer. It goes beyond the transactional engagement. Cultivating relationships with customers through loyalty programs would facilitate their repeated access to the brand and consequent ease in their management.  There are various categories of customers in the hotel industry. They include business, conventional, and leisure clients. All these customers have varying desires and tastes. A loyalty program that takes into consideration all these aspects is likely to enhance effective customer management. The reward scheme should employ tactics that encourage c onsumers to develop loyal consumption behaviors. The main objective is to align value for customers with consumer (Kotler et al., 2013). Targeting the various categories of consumers in the hospitality industry and satisfying their needs will increase loyalty and profitability. Value of HHonors Program to Hilton The cost of the HHonors World Wide Program can be quantified using the income and members-paid activity statements for 1998. In this period, the costs incurred in the program amounted to $69,438. The revenue generated stood at $69,837. Consequently, net income was $399 (Deighton Shoemaker, 2005). The program required significant input from the company. However, the net returns are insignificant in comparison to the extensive investments that went into the plan. The true worth of HHonors program to Hilton brand, as a result, is questionable. The costs incurred in implementing it are higher than the monetary gains made. Kotler et al. (2013) highlights the importance of measur ing and managing the returns made from marketing programs. Determining the long run value of the undertaking takes precedence. Hilton brand might have incurred substantial costs in the implementation of the program, but the quantified output fails to reflect the actual value at the moment.  Loyalty programs have a number of objectives. One of them includes rewarding loyal customers.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Hilton HHonors Worldwide specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through the program, Hilton brand can generate market information and manipulate the behavior of consumers through strategic plans (Kotler et al., 2013). As such, apart from the quantified value, the company can combat competitors and defend its market share by managing customers’ value using the information gathered with the help of the program. Getting customers in the hospitality industry is vital. However, retaining them is even mo re important for the long term wellbeing of the business. The costs of HHonors are offset by the long term benefits of doing business with existing customers. In addition, the program is likely to attract additional guests, increasing the ratings of the brand in the market. The arrangement also offers the added advantage of helping the brand to communicate with customers through sustained contacts. The value of this plan to Hilton brand is worth the costs. The worth is justified by the long and short term benefits associated with it. Determining the Value of Loyalty Programs to Franchisees Loyalty reveals the degree to which a customer is attached to a given brand (Kotler et al., 2013). The quality is regarded as a key determinant of brand longevity. The major beneficiaries of this concept are the owners of the product. They enjoy it more than the other ‘perpetuators’ of the brand. In franchising, the franchisor sells or allows the franchisee to use their systems and kn owhow in running their business. In most cases, the latter can carry out their business activities under the control and with the support of the former. Benefits to the franchisees range from being granted brand names, products, services, signs, and elements of managing businesses by the franchisors. A franchisee can evaluate the benefits of adopting Starwood or Hilton brands and making them part of their property. The value of such a venture can be determined by analyzing the nature of existing royalties. Such measures are essential in sustaining profits. Lack of explicit profit structures by any of the two hotel brands translates to low levels of sustainability. A franchise relationship with the brands might force franchisors to set high fees to generate profits. The brand to invest in through franchising can be determined through level of franchisor’s support, and the strength of the brand name. A well recognized and profitable brand is more likely to benefit the franchise e compared to a nondescript product. The support of the franchisor in relation to business operations, infrastructure, knowhow, and supervision must be geared towards enhancing the value of the engagement to the franchisee.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Success in the hotel industry requires the provision of superior services. According to Kotler et al. (2013), businesses must strive to sustain and improve the quality of services they offer. As already indicated, the hotel industry is highly competitive. As such, the franchisee needs to determine the efficiency of the tactics and strategies aimed at implementing their loyalty programs. The strategies that pay attention to customer perceptions are more beneficial than those that do not. Increasing Franchisee’s Benefits through Increased Loyalty Revenue If a franchisee pays 10 cents per dollar as opposed to the current 4.5, the revenue from the program would increase significantly. HHonors can spend the additional revenue to enhance the value of the franchisee. For instance, the loyalty program would generate more profits for the franchisor under such circumstances. Consequently, Hilton will invest a lot in marketing activities to facilitate brand awareness among customers, at tracting more clients to the hotels. The increase in the number of clients would improve sales and raise revenue.  Franchising can help Hilton to invest in research and design. Increased revenue can enhance capital investments by the brand, such as the construction of more hotels (Kotler et al., 2013). In addition, by launching new menus and services, the company would increase the options available to the customers. Apart from satisfying consumers, the loyalty program would make the franchisee more profitable.  The franchisee can also benefit in terms of contract renewals from the franchisor’s loyalty program. The profits of the franchisee may increase as a result of the business activities of the franchisor. In such cases, the former’s brand loyalty is enhanced. The loyalty would convince the franchisor to renew the contract. All these are indications of the benefits of doing business with such brands as Hilton and Starwood. Hilton’s Response to Starwoodâ €™s Loyalty Program Initiatives Starwood has resolved to address competition through its loyalty program. Such initiatives necessitate a response from Hilton. However, responding by expanding Hilton HHonors might not realize the needed positive outcomes. Hilton can choose to alter the strategies and tactics used to generate customer loyalty. According to Kotler et al. (2013), loyalty programs can succeed by combining various marketing tactics. For instance, customized combination of transactional and relationship marketing approaches can enhance Hilton’s loyalty program.  Hilton HHonors program should adopt various approaches to create loyalty. The company should fight the temptations of increasing rewards. For instance, the organization can divide the market into segments using such elements as rate of usage, lifetime value, loyalty, and frequency. At the end of the day, the brand will determine the most attractive consumer groups.  The company should then target the relevant groups using transactional or relational marketing strategies. Targeting would facilitate effective response to the needs of the specified category. The approach would increase customer satisfaction and enhance value creation for the brand. Hilton’s transactional marketing strategy should offer highly differentiated services. The approach would demonstrate to the customers the genuine value of their money. The company’s relationship marketing strategy should indicate a profitable value proposition engagement with the customers. The approach should utilize relational databases, promote brand culture, and manage the customer-employees’ interface. Reference Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Cunningham, P., Trifts, V. (2013). Principles of marketing (9th Canadian ed.). Ontario, Canada: Pearson Education Canada.

The Impact of Food Allergies on Quality of Life Research Paper

The Impact of Food Allergies on Quality of Life - Research Paper Example When I have really bad allergies, I am absent from the classes, because I don’t want to disturb the classes. I asked my professors to excuse, but they didn’t accept my excuse. In this research paper, I want to let people know that allergies are not contagious to other people, and even if it may disturb my other classmates, it is just something beyond my control. The body has a natural or acquired immune mechanism of dealing with foreign materials which enter it or come into contact with it. This hypersensitive immune mechanism that often detects a harmless substance as a pathogen and develops a mechanism to fight it is called an allergy. Different people are allergic to different substances. These may include pollen, dust, food materials such as bee honey. The body’s immune system which is supposed to guard our bodies against pathogens (organisms or materials which cause ill health) reacts in a manner trying to destroy the material or substance that is harmless. The substances that cause hypersensitive allergic reactions are called allergens. Antibodies in the body are responsible for fighting any foreign material that the body detects as pathogenic. When the body reacts in a hypersensitive manner towards the harmless substance such as dust or honey, these antibodies are produced to fight it. Consequently, this leads to the production of histamine.  

How Does Learning Occur Rewards, Incidental Learning, Meaningful Term Paper

How Does Learning Occur Rewards, Incidental Learning, Meaningful Learning, and the Role of Emotions - Term Paper Example The conclusion from this review states that students and scholars in the field of education have numerous questions concerning the essence of learning, its process, effects and implications for children and adult learners. Much has been written and said about the ways in which learning occurs; yet, learning still lacks a single, uniform definition and conceptualization in science. Consequentially, the multitude of instructional and learning strategies continuously increases. On the one hand, â€Å"learning is a conceptual and linguistic construction that is widely used in many societies and cultures, but with very different meanings, which are fiercely contested and partly contradictory†. On the other hand, learning encompasses a multitude of concepts, contexts, aspects, factors, and events that are heavily influenced by learners’ personality, cultural and ethnic backgrounds and require that education professionals adjust their strategies to meet the unique needs of inf ant and adult learners. More often than not, future educators ask questions concerning the process of learning, the role and place of rewards, the nature and criteria of meaningful learning, as well as the role of emotions in successful learning. All these questions are answered in this paper. One of the foundational questions of learning is how to reward students and whether at all it is worth praising and rewarding students for their achievements. Another question is how learning occurs and how rewards relate to the process of learning. Here, the words of Paul Chance, a famous writer and professional psychologist, reflect the true essence of rewards in the context of learning: according to Chance (1992), teaching without extrinsic rewards is the same as asking students to write having their eyes closed. Extrinsic rewards can be extremely motivating, although their use in education is not without controversy. It would be fair to say that rewards should be balanced against the goal of learning and expected outcomes. In other words, rewards benefit learning only when they are used reasonably and economically. Hundreds of studies have demonstrated that the use of rewards has the potential to enhance the quality of all learning processes in the classroom (Chance, 1992). This is particularly the case of extrinsic rewards that come from an external source, for example, grades assigned by the teacher (Chance, 1992). In this sense, learning is a simple sequence of reinforcement and action: the teacher reinforces and redirects learning by telling the student whether or not he (she) has been correct, good, excellent or right (Chance, 1992). At times, even a smile is enough to show that the student is moving in the desired direction and has all chances to meet the predetermined learning outcomes. Yet, the debate over the usefulness and validity of extrinsic rewards continues to persist. Alfred Kohn is, probably, the most famous promoter of no-rewards education among chi ldren and adults. Kohn (1992) relies on the premise that rewards cannot reinforce lasting changes in human behaviors and cannot

Webers View on Modern Society

Webers View on Modern Society Discuss the Characteristics of Modern Society According to Weber Introduction What is known as classical sociology is found in the work of Comte, Durkheim, Marx and Weber. Weber and the other classicists attempted to explain the origins of modern industrial society and the elements that worked both for and against it. Like Comte and Durkheim Weber believed that scientific and technological advances would do away with humanity’s need of religion. Old ideas of magic would disappear and the world would become ‘disenchanted’ and society would become increasingly rational. Beginning with the distinction between rationality and rationalisation, his paper will discuss the characteristics of modern society according to Weber. Rationality and Rationalisation Rationality, in Weber’s thought refers to social actions being the result of a rational process of the calculation of the means and ends of actions. Rationalisation on the other hand refers to an overall historical process whereby scientific knowledge and rational action come to dominate social reality (Morrison, 1995).[1] Modern Society and Conflict Weber is noted for his historical grasp of the political, legal, economic, and religious development of modern western societies (Morrison, 1995).[2] He was concerned interested in issues of power and conflict in society, the different interest groups in society implied that state institutions were necessary if order was to be maintained. As legislation increased, however, the administration would be less effective. He rejected Marx’s materialist view of history and did not agree with Marx on the importance of class conflict. In Weber’s view class was just one type of inequality among many others (Giddens, 2001).[3] Sociology, Weber believed, should concentrate more on social action and less on social structure. It was his contention that Marx had laid too much stress on economics. Capitalism was only one factor in the shaping of modern societies, Weber held that culture and politics deserved equal consideration. The inter-connectedness of social spheres, Weber believed , was a key factor for understanding the development of modern society (Marsh, 2000). According to Turner (1999) humanity’s place in modern society was problematic for Weber because he believed that human beings were alienated from themselves and the world in which they lived. Weber did not believe, as did Durkheim and Marx, that structures had an independent existence from individuals. Rather he maintained that structures were a result of a complex interplay of human action. Thus Weber argued that social change came about as the result of human motivation and ideas, and that these were powerful agents of the transformation of societies (Giddens, 2001).Although Weber was an atheist he believed that religion influenced people’s ideas and practices and that this had an effect in the world. Weber did not believe, as did Marx, that capitalism came about as a result of greed. Nor did he agree with Marx that it was the result of class conflict, rather it was due to an emphasis on science and the bureaucracy of large organisations. Weber argued that Protestants regarded earning a living as a sacred duty and financial success as a sign of God’s grace. It was this belief, Weber said that led to self-control and regulation, thus Protestantism contribut ed to the rationalisation of everyday life (Hughes, Martin and Sharrock, 1995). For Weber, a major facet of the development of modern societies was the rationalisation of production. Rationalisation The concept of rationalisation, according to Weber (1967) was endemic to modern society, and it was to be found in all large organisations. Such organisations are tightly regulated and predictability and impersonality are their defining characteristics. The members of large organisations can become dehumanised, because with in it, social relations are defined purely in functional terms. Bureaucracy grew out of the increasing rationalisation, which, in modern society, affected all areas of life. As society continued in its rational progression then this would become evident in its social institutions which would, in turn, become more formal. This process would also lead to a decrease in people’s reliance on traditional beliefs, and an increase in the making of rational decisions that had a direct purpose.(Hughes, Martin and Sharrock, 1995). Weber believed that religion predisposed people to order their lives in terms of rational action and this meant that they earned more than they needed. Turner (1999) maintains that: This striving for world mastery did not lead however to a satisfaction with the meaningfulness of everyday life, but rather resulted in a continuing disenchantment with reality which drove out moral significance from everyday life (Turner, 1999:9). Religious and moral disenchantment, Weber contended, would be the end result of increasing bureaucratisation and the rationalisation of social relations. He termed the increasing rationalisation and bureaucratisation of western society as an ‘iron cage’ (Turner, 1999). The impact of western society on the rest of the world was due to its command of industrial resources and its superior military power (Giddens, 2001). Modern societies, in Weber’s view, were especially characterised by what he termed the development of rational/legal authority. Authority in Modern Society Weber believed that authority was invested in the state, the source of the nation state, he maintained was the pre-capitalist conflicts between absolutist rulers. Weber favoured capitalist democracies rather than socialism and believed that in order to maintain a balance in the amount of authority the state had, it was necessary to have a strong private sector. He also believed that increasing rationalisation and bureaucratisation would have a deleterious effect on democracy. Authority, he maintained was in the hands of certain types of individuals and thus he developed a theory of ideal types as a means of understanding the world. These should be seen as a reference point rather than having an existence in the real world (Giddens, 2001). Thus the type of society identified by Weber as modern society is identified most especially by the development of rationalisation and bureaucratisation. The ideal type is used to form an ideal picture of a shift occurring in society by reason of ce rtain historical factors (Weber, quoted in Brown, 1995 p. 271). Weber used the notion of ideal types to develop an understanding of the kinds of activities that can be assigned as features of empirical reality. Conclusion Weber’s work has been influential in sociology’s understanding of the defining features of modern society. Weber’s thinking on rationalisation and bureaucratisation have been a useful analytic tool for those attempting to understand modern societies. However, he has been criticised for being too determininistic. The rise of science, for example, has not completely taken over from religious belief as Weber predicted it would and his notion of bureaucratic organisations as iron cages neglects the fact the very often people will use bureaucracies to stem the tide of certain rules and regulations rather than be totally constricted within the organisation. Nevertheless Weber’s analysis continues to be a useful and fascinating analysis of the development of modern industrial societies. In addition to this his work on human choice and action were pivotal to the development symbolic interactionism and interpretative social research. Bibliography Brown, K 1995. Marx, Durkheim, Weber Formations of Modern Social Thought London, Sage. Giddens, A. 2001. Sociology. Cambridge, Polity Press. Hamilton, M 1995 Sociology of Religion London, Routledge Hughes, J. Martin, P. and Sharrock, W. 1995 Understanding Classical Sociology: Marx, Weber, Durkheim. Sage, London Turner, B. 1999. Classical Sociology. Sage.London Walsh, I ed. 2000 Sociology: Making Sense of Society. Edinburgh, Prentice Hall. Weber, M 1967 â€Å"The Social Psychology of World Religions† in Gerth, H and Wright-Mills , C. 1967 eds From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology New York, Oxford University Press pp.267-301 1 Footnotes [1] See Morrison page 220 [2] See Morrison page 213 [3] See Giddens page 673

The Modern Tragedy: Death Of A Salesman :: essays research papers

A Modern Tragedy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A form of drama in which a person of superior intelligence and character is overcome by the very obstacles he/she is struggling to remove defines a tragedy as most people know it. However, tragedy can reflect another aspect of life: the tragedies of the common people. Heroic behavior in these instances may at times be impossible. We expect, from reading the first tragedies, that only kings or nobility can be tragic heroes. Arthur Miller himself said, â€Å"I believe that the common man is as apt a subject for tragedy in its highest sense as kings were†¦[The same characteristics] which were enacted by royal beings†¦apply to everyone in similar emotional situations.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Death of a Salesman can be defined as a tragedy, with Willy Loman as the tragic hero. Willy Loman has a tragic flaw characteristic of all tragic heroes, however, it is not â€Å"necessarily a weakness.† Willy has a lot of dignity, and he is unwilling â€Å"to remain passive in the face of what he conceives to be a challenge to his dignity, his image of his rightful status.† His tragic flaw leads to his demise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A tragic hero begins with a purpose, falls on hard times, but, in the end, gains a better perception. This perfectly describes Willy. Willy’s initial purpose is to maintain his dignity by pretending in front of his family and not accepting a job that he believes would lower his position. He obviously falls on hard times: he loses his job, his sons are lazy bums, Biff is a thief, he constantly relives his mistakes, and Biff resents his dad because of something that happened years ago. All of these are evidence of the hard times he is having in his life. After a confrontation with Biff, which occurred because of Linda’s insistence, Willy gains a better perception of his life. Or, at least, he thinks he does. Willy believes that, by committing suicide, he can gain dignity in the eyes of his family. By doing this, they can live off the insurance money, and he will finally have been able to provide for them.

Lab Report Analysis

Memorandum TO: Emma Mackenzie, Writing Instructor; Montana Tech FROM: Sarah Hambidge, Montana Tech Student DATE: 6 November 2012 SUBJECT: Lab Report Analysis This memo proposes the observations and claims I collected from reviewing three different lab reports. Three fields of study are composed within this memo that includes Electrical Engineering, Environmental Engineering, and Petroleum Engineering. â€Å"Electrical Filters,† (Electrical), written by Joe Schmoe, is a lab report made by a student at a university.The College Board produced an environmental lab report named, â€Å"Monitoring Air Quality,† (Air), for the purpose of student education as a lab template. Monitoring Air Quality was written by Dr. Angela C. Morrow who graduated from the University of Northern Colorado. Within the Energy Engineering field, I found, â€Å"NETL Extreme Drilling Lab Studies high temperature drilling Phenomena. † (NETL). This lab was created by the U. S. Department of Energy and was found in the work of the U. S. Government. This lab report was written by K.David Lyons, Simone Honeygan, and Thomas Mroz. All three lab reports’ features have been compared and contrasted using analytical techniques in this memo. Observation of Whole Document All three documents are close in terms of length of paper. They are in the range between 6 and 9 pages long. The NETL Drilling High Pressure High Temperature Drilling Phenomena and Electrical Filters lab reports have 4 or 5 figures to represent the purpose of the lab report. The Air Quality lab only has one figure, a picture of a tree.College Board’s Monitoring Air Quality figures were labeled underneath the pictures in regular font. The petroleum lab report used bold lettering underneath the figures. The electrical report’s figures were labeled with italics underneath the picture as well. * Paragraph styles All three labs differ strongly when it comes to the style of how the paragraphs were writt en. Drilling lab reports within Petroleum Engineering are most elaborate and long. The petroleum lab report has 3 paragraphs in the Abstract section while the other two reports have one short paragraph.The Petroleum lab includes specific numerical details such as different depths, fluid pressures, and temperatures. The other reports did not include quantities inside the opening paragraph that is why Drilling labs are more elaborate and precise when it comes to representing information. As a reader is reading the NETL Drilling Lab, they could be more confused than reading the other two labs. The quantities are not explained how they are derived very well, so this could result in a comprehension problem for a basic reader.I think this would make a reader with basic comprehension levels frustrated. * Headings According to the example lab report(Doyoyo,2002), paragraph titles should follow this format in order of title page, Abstract, Experimental Procedure, Results, Discussion, Conclus ion, Appendices, and References. The lab report composed by the College Board follows this format most concisely. The College Boards paragraphs are titled Abstract, Objectives, Introduction, Materials, Procedure, Data/Observations, Analysis, and Additional Resources.The procedure in this report is quite long because it has 3 sub headings within it that precede three different subjects. The analysis goes quite in depth as well and has 2 different parts in it. The electrical lab report follows a similar paragraph order; Objective, Background, Experiment, Results, Conclusion, and References. The background paragraph is 2 pages long; this is longer than any of the other documents. I believe in order to completely comprehend this document, you would have to know a great deal of background and have expierence in this field.The petroleum drilling lab report also follows a different format; Abstract, Introduction, Acknowledgments, and References. TheNETL Drilling lab stands out from the res t of the labs too because between the introduction and acknowledgments, there are 4 paragraphs that explain descriptions, efforts, and future plans. This lab is farthest from following the standard lab report format. The NETL Drilling Lab was written by the government so they may follow a stricter lab format than they teach in schools. They might make up their own order of headings and paragraphs because they are on top of the chain. Font choice The NETL lab Report uses ten point font in Times New Roman. The Electrical Engineering lab Report uses Times New Roman as well but its double spaced and typed in twelve point font. The environmental lab uses Calibri with twelve point font and multiple spaces between every paragraph. The NETL lab is the most professional looking lab because it looks formal and fits more information within a page than the other labs. A reader could get the most information out of the NETL lab because it is constructed elaborately but also concisely. Overall to ne The NETL lab has by far, most formal tone of voice. The lab created by the College Board is built for mainly educational purposes; therefore it uses a smaller vocabulary for easier understanding. The Electrical lab report was made by students so it’s not that complex. The NETL lab is professional because it is a work of the government. This lab uses many big words, acronyms, references within text, and many numerical conversions. The lab written by students has the least informal tone, most likely because they are least educated.Reading the Electrical Filters Lab could leave a reader lost in some places, and readers may want to read a different lab on Electrical Filters written by a doctor or someone with a professional degree. * Repetition The College Board lab report uses repititon the most because it was created by doctors and doctors are very precise with representing information. It often repeats, â€Å"Please see AP’s licensing for AP Questions and Materials. † It also repeats, â€Å"Clean Air Act,† â€Å"NAAQS,† â€Å"gypsum,† and â€Å"air quality laws. † Within the procedure the paragraphs are repetitive as well.The Electrical lab is the least repetitive but it did repeat input and output signal values. The petroleum lab repeats drilling terms and the process of deep drilling. I think the repetition in all of the labs was necessary because a basic reader would need to be reminded of the information to smoothly flow through reading the documents. Sections The sections within the 3 lab reports differ in body. Some are more like Markel’s sample(Markel,2010) than others. * Abstract The petroleum lab and environmental reflect the major focus of the lab well.The abstract concisely communicates the purpose of the lab, the approach, the results, and the significances of the findings. The electrical lab doesn’t have an abstract but sometimes instructors do not require an abstract section. The en vironmental lab does a better job at writing the abstract because it’s shorter and more direct to the point, therefore easier to understand. * Introduction The petroleum lab does the worst at the introduction. Markel (Markel, 2010, ch10), says the purpose of the lab is clearly stated. The petroleum lab is sort of confusing.It says,† The purpose of this paper and industry projects [1-5] deep wells are defined as wells drilled for oil and gas having true vertical depth (TVD) greater than 15,000 feet (4572 meters. )† The electrical report is more to the point, for example, â€Å"The objective of this lab is to build and test a first order, low-pass filter with resistors and capacitors. † The Environmental lab’s purpose statement is, â€Å"At the end of this lab, you will be able to describe and discuss several air pollutants and methods for detecting them. The environmental lab is a lab template so it is written in a future tense format rather than pas t tense like the other labs. Conclusion In reading this memo, I hope you understand my findings an key points about the three lab reports I analyzed. Electrical Filters, by Joe Schomoe, was poorly written compared to the other lab reports. It did properly use its figures and the abstract section was written correctly. This document was hard to read because the background was very long and in depth. This document also was least appealing to the eye because the lack of professionalism.College Board’s Monitoring Air Quality overall did well as serving the major purpose as a lab template for students. However this lab needs more figures and pictures because it only has one figure. The College Board also followed Markel’s lab format the closest. The repetition used by this lab made the whole document flow more as reading. The NETL Extreme Drilling Laboratory Studies High Pressure High Temperature Drilling Phenomena, is the most professional and formal written document compa red to the other two labs.It did not follow the normal lab report format, but it contained many helpful figures and tables. This lab can be confusing because it is so complex, but most information and data can be obtained from reading this lab report. References * Doyoyo, September 19, 2002, 13. 014J/1. 052J â€Å"Helpful instructions on how to write a mechanics lab report. † * Markel, 2010 Chapters 6,7,9,10,18, Appendix B related to APA documentation * Unit 3 Topics Checklist * (Electrical)

Medicalization And Pharmaceuticalization By Scheper Hughes...

Medicalization and Pharmaceuticalization The â€Å"medicalization† of the Alto do Cruzeiro people and the â€Å"pharmaceuticalization† of the Vita patients enable a systematic and bureaucratically sanctioned control of these marginalized groups. These two concepts are as alike as they are different. Scheper-Hughes focuses on the â€Å"medicalization† of the working class in Alto do Cruzeiro. In her ethnography, medicalization is a tool of hegemony which brings forth a complicit and pacified workforce. Biehl’s â€Å"pharmaceuticalization† of the patients in the Vita asylum in the other hand is an exploitative moral technology that justifies and distances the familial/medical/political structure from bureaucratically organized deaths. Although the power structures and aims at play are different in these settings, medicalization and pharmaceuticalization both serve to abandon/pacify people without the locusts of power being morally and civilly held accountable. In Scheper-Hughes’s ethnography, â€Å"nervoso† is appropriated by medicine and transformed into an illness. Due to the biomedical model, this folk syndrome is made into a disease, through which its somatic symptoms can be medicated. Likewise, in Biehl’s ethnography, any symptom, whether it be somatic or psychological, is treated with pharmaceuticals. This enforcement of medicine is normalized and unquestioned because in both of these societies, although thirty years apart, biomedicalization is deeply entrenched. This is partly due to the